宾语从句
第一部分: : 宾语梗要
宾语就是动作、行为得对象,就是动作得承受者.宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词得词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句;英语得及物动词后必须有宾语;除及物动词有宾语之外,英语介词后面也要有宾语;某些形容词如 worth,careful等后也可有宾语;宾语有直接宾语与间接宾语之分。即指人得间接宾语与指物得直接宾语,这两个宾语统称为"双宾语"。
一
不同词类作宾语
1、 名词作宾语 She is playing
the piano
now、 2、 代词作宾语
We all like
him、
She doesn"t know
me、
3、 数词作宾语
Give
me four、 4、
the+形容词/v—ed/v—ing结构作宾语.
1) The young should respect the old 、
2)
They went to help the dying and the wounded、
3) They are searching for
the lost
、
二。
非谓语类作宾语
1.不定式作宾语 We all like to go to school、
注意:
I don’t know what to do next、
2.动名词作宾语
The boss hates workers’ plaining、 三。
从句类作宾语
I think
he is right、
Do you understand
what I mean?
I asked whether there are any chemist"s shops in this street、
Give him whatever he needs、
We can rely on
whomever we can trust、
She will give whoever needs help
a warm support、 四。
两种特殊带宾语得结构 1.一些形容词可有宾语 常用得情感形容词有:sure, afraid ,glad ,pleased ,happy ,worried ,sad ,sorry
The book is worth reading、 2。介宾结构 Are they listening to the professor?
Are they satisfied with us?
He passed the exam by cheating、
五.t it 用作形式宾语( ( 基本用法) ) I think it no need
talking about it with them、 He makes it a rule
never to borrow money、
Did you make it clear why she didn’t e? I think it very strange that he goes out walking almost every night、
She won’t like it if you arrive late、
六.
双宾语 有些及物动词可接两个宾语(双宾语),即指人得间接宾语与指物得直接宾语. 1、 常用句型为
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
Give me a cup of tea, please、
You don’t need to show him how to do it、
He has told me where they lives、 2、 下面几种情况,通常要用介词 to 或for 引起得短语:
1)、 当直接宾语就是人称代词(it/them)时。如:
。、mih ot ti evig esaelP 、s’ieL iL si hctaw ehTﻩ2)、 当强调间接宾语时。如:
、yad yreve su rof tsafkaerb skooc rehtoMﻩ
3)、 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时。如:
、nosrep dlo na ot taes sih sevig netfo eh ,sub eht nOﻩ
4)
由 to连接间接宾语得动词有:give, lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand, teach, offer, sell, promise, pass ,take 等、 5) 由 for 连接间接宾语得动词有: buy, make, leave, do, choose, order, sing, win, cook, get 等
注意:
I will ask him a question、
I will ask a question of him、
七.
同源宾语(Cognate Object)
少数不及物动词能带一个在词根上与动词相同或相近意义得宾语,即同源宾语 1、 能带同源宾语得动词有:lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing 等. Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants are living a happy life、 I dreamed a terrible dream last night、
Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August、 He died a heroic death、
2、 同源宾语前面可带形容词作定语。这时,“动词+定语+同源宾语”得结构在意义上相当于“动词+与定语意义相同得状语"。二者相比,前者语气更强一些。
We slept a fortable sleep last night、
(= We slept fortably last night、)
Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday、
(= Professor Smith died suddenly last Wednesday、)
注意:同源宾语前面通常带有定语。
fight a good fight
breathe a deep breath
laugh a foolish laugh
smile a forced smile 3、 同源宾语得修饰语就是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时,该同源宾语常可以省去.
You should run your fastest(race)、
The old man breathed his last(breath)this morning、 第二部分
宾语从句
学习宾语从句要抓住 三要素 :
连接词 、 语序 与 时态. .
比较下面几个句子 I don"t know
the phone number、
I don"t know
what" his phone number is、 I don"t know
if this is his phone number、
在句子中起宾语作用得从句叫做宾语从句、 宾语从句详解 一.宾语从句得分类:、
1 作动词得宾语:
I heard that he would e here later on、
2
作介词得宾语:
He said nothing about who broke the window last night、
3
作形容词得宾语:
I am sure I will pass the exam、
二、宾语从句中引导词( 连接词) ) 得用法
分三类: :
从属连词
that(陈述句),if,whether(就是否), 连接代词who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever
, whatever, whichever 等、连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever 除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述、 连接副词 when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等、 找出并翻译下列句中得宾语从句
1
He told me that he would go to the college the next year
2
I don"t know if there will be a bus any more、
3
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam、
4
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
5
The book will show you what the best CEOs should know、
6
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again、
7
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel(新得操作
盘)?
8
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought、 ( ( 一)
tt hat 引导得宾语从句(在非正式场合 th at t 可以省略) )
只起连接作用,无词意,通常第一个 that 可省. .
可跟 tha t从句做宾语得动词有: :
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, mand, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
h taht seveileb yob ehTﻫe will travel through space to other planets、 2 2中况情下以在ﻫ 在以下情况中 th at t 不能省略 1)、当句中得动词后接多于两个由 that 引导得宾语从句时,第一个 that 可省,但后面得 that 不可省。
I believe(that)you have done your best and that
things will get better。
)2 。省可不般一 taht,时语入插有间之句从语宾 taht 与词动语谓得句主当ﻫJust then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap、
当 that 从句就是双宾语中得直接宾语时,that 不可省。I can’t tell him that his mother died、 )4ht raelc ti edam ehS:句例 时语宾式形作ti当ﻫat she had nothing to do with him.)5iw maet ruo tahT 时置前句从语宾当ﻫll win,I believe. 6)、 that 从句单独回答问题时。如:
—What did he hear? 她听说了什么事?—她( 、maxe eht dessap dah etaK tahTﻫ听说)凯特考试及格了。
3
宾语从句得否定转移 当主句谓语动词就是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句得意思就是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。
I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that、 注意: 1)主句得谓语动词就是 think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess 等,并且主句得主语就是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句得否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致、
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won’t she/he?
We suppose you have finished the project, haven’t you? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义得形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀得词,如:unhappy,unfair,dislike 等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式、
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
2)当主句得主语就是第二、三人称时,其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。
Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn’t she?
You thought they could have pleted the project, didn"t you?
They don’t believe she’s an engineer, do they?
She doesn't expect that we are ing so soon, does she? 3)在 think,believe,suppose,guess等及物动词及 I’m afraid 等表达得后面,可用 so,或 not 代替一个宾语从句,so 代替肯定句,not 代替否定句,该宾语从句通常就是上文提到得一件事。
-Are we late?
-—-I’m afraid so、
—--—Do you think he will e?
-—-—No,I think not、/I don’t think so、
注: I don"t think /believe/suppose/expect so、这种结构不能用于动词 guess 与 hope,guess 与 hope 只能用 I hope/guess not、 (二)由 whether,if 引导得宾语从句
whether 与 if通用,都表示“就是否”得意思。一般来说,后者比较正式,在口语中前者常用来代替后者。但两者有时具有不同得暗示。用 whether 时,正反两面得选择意义较强,问话人并不在意回答就是肯定还就是否定;而用if 时,则比较强调单方面,即正面,问话人希望得到肯定得回答。另外,还要注意从以下六个方面得高频考点:
一、whether 与 if 都可以与 or not 连用; 但 whether 与 or not写在一起时,或在动词短语后,只能用 whether,不能用 if。如:
● I don't care whether (或 if)
it will rain or not。
● I don’t
care
whether
or
not
it
will
rain、
(不用 if)
● I don’t
care
about whether
or
not
it
will
rain、
(不用if)
二、在引导宾语从句时,应注意:
1、表示“就是否”时,两词都能引导宾语从句。
①I don't know whether/if I will be able to e、我不知道我就是否能来、 ②She asked me whether/if I was interested in working for her、她问我就是否有兴趣为她工作。
③We"ll be told tomorrow whether we should take the exam or not、我们明天才知道就是不就是应该参加考试、④
enod dah eh rehtehw mih deksa Iﻫall the work himself or whether he had had any assistance、 我问她这些工作都就是她自己做得还就是别人帮她做得、 ⑤I wonder if/whether you can examine him now. (供个两在 :意注ﻫ选择得从句之间若用 or 字, 则须重复 whether 一字、 )
注:
⑴当强调宾语从句并将其提前时只能用 whether。
如:Whether I"ll have time to go with you I am not sure、我很难说我们就是否有时间跟您们一起去。
2、宾语从句移置句首时,用whether,不用 if。
Whether it is true or not, I can't say. =I can’t say whether/if it is true or not 3、宾语从句为否定形式时,通常用 if,而不用 whether. I asked Tom if Mary
wouldn’t e.
4、动词discuss,decide, consider 等后习惯上也常用 Whether 引导从句,不用 if。
wh e ther
与
if f
得区别
三、在下列情况下,只能用 whether,不能用 if. 1、与不定式连用时,只能用 whether.
He can"t decide whether to accept or refuse.
2、在介词后,只能用 whether。
Everything depends on whether he is ready。
I don"t
care
about whether
or
not
it
will
rain、 3、在名词后作同位语时,只能用whether.
The question whether they ought to stop working was discussed among the workers。
I have no idea whether he is there。
4、引导主语从句时,只能用 whether。
Whether
he es or not doesn’t concern me. 5、引导表语从句时,只能用 whether。
What Maria doesn"t
know is whether there will be enough snow.
6、当 whether 与or not连用时,只用whether 不用 if。如:
I don’t know whether or not he will e、我不知道她就是不就是回来。b ll"Iﻫe happy whether/if I get the job or not 我能不能得到那份工作都一样高兴。注意:当or not放在 whether 引导得从句句尾,则可以用 if 来替换。
7、 当whether 与 or 连用表示明确得选择时,只用 whether 不用if. em deksa eHﻫwhether I wanted to go there by train or by bus、她问我就是想乘火车还就是坐公共汽车去那里。o evird dluohs eh rehtehw tuoba detatiseh eHﻫr take the train、她开车去还就是坐火车去, 犹豫不决 注:whether 与or 连用还可以引导让步状语从句,此时也不用if。如:We"ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not、 不管我们能否找到所需得工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。ar ti ton ro rehtehWﻫins / Whether it rains or not, we’re playing football on Saturday、无论下不下雨, 我们星期六一定踢足球、
8、在动词不定式之前,只能用 whether,不能用if。①t rehtehw si noitseuq ehTﻫo go to Munich or Vienna、问题就是去慕尼黑还就是去维也纳、② t"nseod ehSﻫknow whether to get married now or wait、就是否现在结婚或就是等待她不知道。③就清不弄们我、worromot ro yadot og ot rehtehw gnirednow erew eWﻫ是今天走还就是明天走、④、no yats ro ngiser ot rehtehw erus ton m'Iﻫ我拿不准主意就是辞职还就是留任、 四、if 可引导条件状语从句,译作“如果” ,whether 可引导让步状语从句,译作“不管、无论"。
If I were you,I would not buy. Whether he agrees or not,I shall go there. We"ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not、不管我们能否找到所需得工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。r ti ton ro rehtehWﻫains / Whether it rains or not, we"re playing football on Saturday、无论下不下雨, 我们星期六一定踢足球、 五、whether 与if 均可用来引导主语从句,但 if 引导得从句不能位于句首.
Whether they win or lose is all the same to me、 她们就是赢就是输於我都一样、(此时 whether不能换作 if )
yna eb ll"ereht rehtehw luftbuod s"tIﻫseats left、说不上还有没有空座位了、 (此句 whether能换作 if)
六、表语从句、同位语从句用 whether引导不用 if、 The doubt was whether you had broken the beautiful vase、疑问就是您就是否打坏了这只漂亮得花瓶。
The question whether we’ll build another lecture building hasn"t been settled、就是否要另建一幢教学楼得问题还未决定. ( (句 三)连接代词与连接副词引导得宾语从句
ﻫ ﻫ
这样得宾语从句实际上就是由特殊疑问句变化而来得,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构得动词常常就是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise 等。
②连接代词:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语.
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever 除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述、
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
警色红了得赢谁是就道知您ﻫ报得游戏么?
luohs sOEC tseb eht tahw uoy wohs lliw koob ehTﻫd know、
、么什解了该裁总行执得好最您诉告会书本这ﻫ
Have you determined whether you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
您决定好就是买诺基亚还就是摩托罗拉得电话了吗? ③连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语得成分。
He didn"t tell me when we should meet again、 她没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面、
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?
您能告诉我怎么用这个新得操作盘吗?
ﻫ
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought、
里哪在能件零得新得些这道知人有没ﻫ买到、
四、宾语从句得时态
时态:
1、主句就是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。句例ﻫ 例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well、
2、主句就是过去时态,从句须用过去时态得某种形式。
例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time、
3、当宾语从句表示得就是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句就是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态.句例ﻫ 例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound、
五
宾语从句中得语气
虚拟语气得用法
虚拟语气就是一种动词形式,表示说话人得一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测,建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示得含义不就是客观存在得事实。
1、Wish(表现在--->过去时;表过去---〉过去完成时;表将来-—-〉would+do )
I wish I were a bird and could fly freely 、
I wish I had met that film star yesterday、 How I wish it wouldn’t rain tomorrow 、
2、在表示含有“愿望、建议、命令"等词得各种从句中,从句得谓语动词用(should +do )
一坚持二命令三建议四要求
i-与—s 双重性 Insist , order, mand, advise, suggest , propose, demand, desire, request, require
insist/suggest Eg:
The teacher suggested that he (should) read English aloud、 He required that we (should)
work all right、 It was suggested that the meeting (should) be put off next week、 The suggestion that the meeting (should)
be put off till next week surprised us a lot、 The suggestion is that the meeting (should)………、 注:suggest 表“暗示” ,表明之意时,insist表示“坚持认为,硬要说”之意时,不用虚拟。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work、 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money、 He insisted that he was a Party member and be sent to the front、 六、
宾语从句得特殊式
1、 复合连接代词在宾语从句中得使用。如:
fo dneirf a eeb ot sepoh haraSﻫwhoever shares her interest、 (whoever= anyone who / any person who)
These wild flowers are so special I would do whatever I can to save them、(whatever= anything that) evig ot esiwnu deredisnoc yllareneg si tIﻫa child whatever he or she wants、 whatever 在此处就是泛指,不可被 what 替代。而“I can"t remember at the moment who has said the words、"中得 who表特定得某人,不可以改成 whoever. 2、 it作形式宾语,从句作真正宾语。
(1) 动词 + it + important / necessary / natural / etc、 + thatclause.that clause 中谓语动词前可加 should,亦可省略。如: uoy taht tnatropmi ti kniht Iﻫ(should)
attend the conference、 )2( 词容形 / 词名 + sa + ti +词动ﻫ+ clause.如:
The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture、 (3)
动词+ it + 介词 + thatclause。常见得有:owe it to sb、 + thatclause(把……归功于某人), leave it to sb、 + thatclause(把……留给某人去做), take it for granted
+ thatclause (想当然), keep it in mind
+ thatclause (记住……).如:
、dnuora eb syawla d"eh taht detnarg rof ti koot tsuj IﻫYou may depend on it that he will turn up in time、 您可以相信她会及时赶到得。
You may depend on it that we shall always help you、(尽管放心,我们会随时帮您得。)
I’ll see to it that all these letters will be sent to the post before twelve、我将注意、、、ae emoh steg ehs taht ti ot ees uoy dluoWﻫrly?(您负责保证她早到家,好吗?)、tneconni saw eh taht ti no detsisni eHﻫ(她坚持说自己就是无辜得。)
I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it、(我让您自己判断这事就是否该做。)res a t’nsaw ereht taht uoy ot ti ewo eWﻫious accident、(多亏了您才没有发生严重事故。)
(4)
某些表示“喜怒哀乐”得动词,如 like, enjoy, love, hate, dislike, prefer, appreciate 等,往往不能直接接宾语从句;或者当它们后接if 从句或 when 从句,通常应先在动词后接 it 作形式宾语。
I don’t like it that he’s so lazy、(我不喜欢她那么懒惰。)
I don’t like it when shop assistants follow me around、
我不喜欢店员跟在我后面、 I hate it if you say such things in public、 我讨厌您在大庭广众之下说那样得事。
He hates it when people talk with their mouths full、她讨厌别人边说话边吃东西。
I’d prefer it if I didn"t have to do so much work、 要就是我不必做那么多工作那就太好了。
I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it、 感激。
(5、 )用于 have it that(说,认为),take it that(认为)等个别固定表达中。如: I take it (that) you agree、 我以为您同意了。
Report has it that about 30 people were killed in the accident、据报道、、、 注意:若宾语从句就是 wh-类,则不可用 it 代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable、我们都认为您所说得就是不可信得、 We discovered what we had learned to be valuable、我们发现 简化宾语从句得方法
方 法一:当主句谓语动词就是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且宾语从句得主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon、 →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon、 We decided that we would help him、 →We decided to help him、
方法二:当主句谓语动词就是 know, learn, remember, forget, tell 等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构.例如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window、 →She has forgotten how to open the window、
注:当主句谓语动词就是 tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语与间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式"结构。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:当主句得谓语动词就是 order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句与从句得主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如: The headmaster ordered that we should start at once、 → The headmaster ordered us to start at once、
方法四:某些动词后得宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其她形式简化。例如:
He insisted that he should go with us、 →He insisted on going with us、 The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born、 →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth、
方法五:某些动词后面得宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing 形式(作宾语补足语)”结构.例如:
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground、 → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground、
方法六:动词 seem 后得宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当得变化。例如:
It seemed that the boys were going to win、 →The boys seemed to win、 除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式得转化,如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well、
→I found it difficult to learn English well、 Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow、
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow、 They found that the box was very heavy、
→They found the box very heavy、